MaterialSchool

Ahmose Ii

2005-04-04T14:30:00.000-07:00

In 570, after Apries' unsuccessful campaign against Cyrene, in modern Libya, the Egyptian

Mindaugas

2005-04-03T17:31:00.000-07:00

Mindaugas successfully asserted himself over other leading Lithuanian nobles and tribal chiefs, including his brother and his nephews, in 1236. The state thus formed under his leadership included Lithuania proper, Samogitia, and much of

Dessalines, Jean-jacques

2005-04-02T10:22:00.000-08:00

Dessalines was brought to the French West Indian colony of Saint-Domingue (Haiti) as a slave. He worked as a field hand for a black master until 1791, when he joined the slave rebellion that broke out in the colony amid the turmoil caused by the French Revolution. In the decade that

Patristic Literature, The schools of Edessa and Nisibis

2005-04-01T16:07:00.000-08:00

Parallel with its richer and better-known Greek and Latin counterparts, an independent Syriac Christian literature flourished inside, and later outside (in Persia), the frontiers of the Roman Empire from the early 4th century onward. Aphraates, an ascetic cleric under whose name 23 treatises written between 336 and 345 have survived, is considered the first Syriac Father.

Mindanao River

2005-03-31T13:41:00.000-08:00

Also called Río Grande De Mindanao, or Cotabato River, main river of the Cotabato lowland, central Mindanao, Philippines. It rises in the central highlands of northeastern Mindanao (island) as the Pulangi and then flows south to where it joins the Kabacan to form the Mindanao. It meanders northwest through the Libungan Marsh and Liguasan Swamp, which is the habitat of crocodiles. At Datu Piang the river turns to enter Illana

Conakry

2005-03-31T10:03:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Konakry, national capital, largest city, and chief Atlantic port, western Guinea. Conakry lies on Tombo (Tumbo) Island and the Kaloum Peninsula. Founded by the French in 1884, it derived its name from a local village inhabited by the Susu (Soussou) people. Subsequently it became capital of the protectorate of Rivières du Sud (1891), of the colony of French Guinea (1893), and of independent Guinea (1958). Tombo

Caucasian Languages, The Avar-Andi-Dido languages

2005-03-29T20:54:00.000-08:00

Of these tongues,

Kuang-hsü

2005-03-29T13:35:00.000-08:00

When the previous emperor died, his mother, the empress dowager Tz'u-hsi, chose her four-year-old nephew

Margam

2005-03-27T11:38:00.000-08:00

Locality, Neath Port Talbot county borough, historic county of Glamorgan (Morgannwg), Wales. Situated inland of the sandy Margam Burrows at the base of the peaks Mynydd Margam and Moel Ton-mawr, the community of Margam developed around a Cistercian abbey founded by Robert, earl of Gloucester, in 1147. Margam Abbey was a prominent cultural and educational centre until its

Yung-ho

2005-03-27T07:45:00.000-08:00

Shih (municipality), T'ai-pei hsien (county), northern Taiwan, 1 mi (1.6 km) south of Taipei city, in the northern part of the island's western coastal plain. Situated on the east bank of Shuang Hsi (river), the city flourished in the early 18th century. It is a market centre for the tea and rice produced in the surrounding region. Glass and glass products, and small machinery manufacturing

Mola

2005-03-25T16:57:00.000-08:00

Type of embroidered woman's outer garment, worn as part of the blouse by the Kuna Indians of the San Blas Archipelago, off the eastern coast of Panama. The mola's brightly coloured designs, done in reverse appliqué technique, traditionally are abstract, often based on the patterns of brain coral. Recently, schematically drawn figurative designs have become

Argostólion

2005-03-24T20:13:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Argostóli, chief port and capital, nomós (department) of Cephalonia, which is the largest of the Ionian Islands of Greece. The town is the seat of a bishop of the Greek Orthodox church. It was founded in 1757 by the Venetians when an earthquake destroyed the former capital. The port's well-protected harbour is situated on the eastern prong of a large inlet. The island produces olive oil,

Szeryng, Henryk

2005-03-23T05:06:00.000-08:00

Szeryng studied with Carl Flesch in Berlin and with Jacques Thibaud in Paris. He made his debut in 1933, and from 1933 to 1939 he was a composition student of Nadia Boulanger in Paris. During World War II he was on the staff of the Polish government-in-exile.

Bonaparte, Jérôme

2005-03-22T21:22:00.000-08:00

A member of the consular guard

Sudan, History Of The, Medieval Christian kingdoms

2005-03-21T10:48:00.000-08:00

The 200 years from the fall of Kush to the middle of the 6th century is an unknown age in the Sudan. Nubia was inhabited by a people called the Nobatae by the ancient geographers and the X-Group by modern archaeologists, who are still at a loss to explain their origins. The X-Group were clearly, however, the heirs of Kush, for their whole cultural life was dominated by Meroitic

Military Affairs

2005-03-20T13:12:00.000-08:00

Defense Minister Alain Richard presented a F 243.5 billion (U.S. $43.8 billion) 1999 budget proposal in keeping with the four-year defense spending plan he had unveiled in April. That plan was designed to cut F 20 billion ($3.5 billion) from the defense budget by 2002. To help meet this goal, France abandoned seven military programs,

Karakoram Range

2005-03-19T23:37:00.000-08:00

Chinese (Wade-Giles) K'a-la-k'un-lun Shan, or (Pinyin) Karakorum Shan, great mountain system extending some 300 miles (500 kilometres) from the easternmost extension of Afghanistan in a southeasterly direction along the watershed between Central and South Asia. Found there are the greatest concentration of high mountains in the world and the longest glaciers outside the high latitudes. The borders of Tajikistan, China, Pakistan, Afghanistan

Jicarilla Apache

2005-03-19T15:50:00.000-08:00

The early Jicarilla were one of several loosely organized, autonomous bands of Apache living in the Southwest. Their ancient lands included parts of present-day Colorado,

Anticyclone

2005-03-19T00:16:00.000-08:00

Any large wind system occurring in regions outside the equatorial belt and rotating about a centre of high atmospheric pressure clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern. Its flow is the reverse of that of a cyclone (q.v.).

Fort Stanwix, Treaties Of

2005-03-17T00:12:00.000-08:00

(1768, 1784), cession by the Iroquois Confederacy of land in what are now western Pennsylvania, Kentucky, West Virginia, and New York, opening vast tracts of territory west of the Appalachian Mountains to white exploitation and settlement. Soon after the Proclamation of 1763 (see 1763, Proclamation of), which followed the last French and Indian War, British authorities recognized that

Ahram, Al-

2005-03-16T22:07:00.000-08:00

It was founded in 1875 by two Lebanese-Christian brothers, Salim and Bishara Takla. As a daily from 1881, the paper became famous for its independence and objectivity, despite British censorship and control, and for its coverage of international

Brune, Guillaume(-marie-anne)

2005-03-16T10:24:00.000-08:00

At first dedicated to a literary career, Brune became associated in Paris with the Revolutionary leader Georges Danton,

China, Buddhism

2005-03-15T09:36:00.000-08:00

The spokesmen of Chinese Buddhism under the early Mongol rulers came from the Ch'an sect (meditation Buddhism). Their high intellectuality and refined aestheticism, however, did not appeal to the Mongols, who felt more attracted by the mixture of magic practices, rather nebulous metaphysics, and impressive symbolism in the visual arts of Tibetan Buddhism. Kublai

China, The Plateau of Tibet

2005-03-15T07:16:00.000-08:00

This great massif occupies about one-fourth of the whole country. A large part of the plateau lies at elevations above 13,000–15,000 feet. The border ranges of the plateau are even higher, with individual peaks rising to heights of 23,000–26,000 feet. The interior slopes of these border mountains, as a rule, are gentle, while the exterior slopes are very steep. In its eastern and southern periphery,

China, A race for territory

2005-03-14T19:53:00.000-08:00

As soon as Japan's impending surrender was known, the commander of the Communist armies, Gen. Zhu De, ordered his men, on August 11, to move into Japanese-held territory and take over Japanese arms, despite Chiang's order that they stand where they were. The United States aided the Chinese government by flying many divisions from the southwest to occupy the main eastern cities,

Triassic Period

2005-03-13T13:25:00.000-08:00

The Triassic Period marked the beginning of major changes that were to take place throughout the Mesozoic Era, particularly in the distribution of continents,

Haemophilus

2005-03-13T01:39:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Hemophilus, genus of very small rod-shaped bacteria of uncertain affiliation. All species of Haemophilus are strict parasites occurring in the respiratory tracts of warm-blooded animals, including humans, and in certain cold-blooded animals. All Haemophilus are gram-negative, aerobic or facultative anaerobic and nonmotile and require a growth factor that is found in blood.

Inner Ear

2005-03-12T13:47:00.000-08:00

Also called labyrinth of the ear, part of the ear that contains organs of the senses of hearing and equilibrium. The bony labyrinth, a cavity in the temporal bone, is divided into three sections: the vestibule, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea. Within the bony labyrinth is a membranous labyrinth, which is also divided into three parts: the semicircular ducts; two saclike structures, the saccule

Wilde, Oscar (fingal O'flahertie Wills)

2005-03-11T15:04:00.000-08:00

Irish wit, poet, and dramatist whose reputation rests on his comic masterpieces Lady Windermere's Fan (1892) and The Importance of Being Earnest (1895). He was a spokesman for the late 19th-century Aesthetic movement in England, which advocated art for art's sake; and he was the object of celebrated civil and criminal suits involving homosexuality and ending

Allen, Walter Ernest

2005-03-11T11:21:00.000-08:00

British novelist, academic, and critic, best known for his 1954 study The English Novel (b. Feb. 23, 1911--d. Feb. 28, 1995).

Beijing, Museums and libraries

2005-03-10T07:09:00.000-08:00

The Palace Museum, housed in the main buildings of the former Imperial Palaces, contains the city's greatest collection of art treasures. Many of the halls are kept as they were in dynastic times, each constituting a museum in itself, and others are used to display some of the priceless treasures from China's past. Of special interest are its porcelains and enamels, works

Sinkiang, Uygur Autonomous Region Of, Education

2005-03-08T20:19:00.000-08:00

Before World War II the educational system was minimal. Since 1949, educational facilities have been broadened and the literacy rate is better than the national average. Institutions of higher learning, concentrated in Wu-lu-mu-ch'i, include the Sinkiang University; the Sinkiang “August First” Institute of Agriculture, which offers a course on water conservation; the

Indian Territory

2005-03-08T03:52:00.000-08:00

Originally “all of that part of the United States west of the Mississippi, and not within the States of Missouri and Louisiana, or the Territory of Arkansas.” Never an organized territory, it was soon restricted to the present state of Oklahoma, excepting the panhandle and Greer county. The Choctaw, Creek, Seminole, Cherokee, and Chickasaw tribes were forcibly moved to

Venezuela, Flag Of

2005-03-08T00:42:00.000-08:00

In 1797 Manuel Gual and José María España, plotting to overthrow Spanish rule in what is now Venezuela, proposed a complex flag with the colours white, yellow, blue, and red. In 1801 the revolutionary leader Francisco de Miranda chose red, yellow, and blue for his flag, although five years later he favoured black, red, and yellow. Various arrangements of the colours later appeared,

Tientsin

2005-03-07T16:46:00.000-08:00

Central Tientsin (the municipality's urban core)

Bahrain, Settlement patterns

2005-03-07T08:24:00.000-08:00

The majority of the population now dwells in towns, but in the north and northwest of the main island, where irrigation has long been carried out using artesian water, there are numerous small villages and isolated dwellings where horticulture is the way of life. This area has an aspect of great fertility, which contrasts starkly with the bare desert appearance of

Bruno Of Querfurt, Saint

2005-03-06T01:12:00.000-08:00

A member of the family of the counts of Querfurt, Bruno was educated at the cathedral school at Magdeburg, Saxony, and at the age of 20 he was attached to the clerical household of the Holy Roman emperor Otto III. In 997 he accompanied Otto to Rome, where he was

Suleja

2005-03-05T02:52:00.000-08:00

The emirate's wooded savanna area of about 1,150 square miles (2,980 square km) originally included four small Koro chiefdoms that paid tribute to the Hausa kingdom of Zazzau.

Grace

2005-03-04T17:56:00.000-08:00

In Christian theology, the spontaneous, unmerited gift of the divine favour in the salvation of sinners, and the divine influence operating in man for his regeneration and sanctification. The English term is the usual translation for the Greek charis, which occurs in the New Testament about 150 times (two-thirds of these in writings attributed to Paul). Although the word

Dinawari, Ad-

2005-03-04T11:14:00.000-08:00

Ad-Dinawari studied philology in the Iraqi cities of Basra and Kufah. The systematic approach to learning that he acquired there is reflected in the preserved fragments of

Aepinus, Franz Maria Ulrich Theodor Hoch

2005-03-03T03:47:00.000-08:00

Aepinus studied medicine before turning to physics and mathematics. His work in these new fields resulted

Acarigua

2005-03-02T10:32:00.000-08:00

City, northern Portuguesa estado (“state”), northwestern Venezuela. Formerly the state capital, Acarigua is a principal commercial centre of the northern portion of the Llanos (plains), in which cattle, sugarcane, cotton, corn (maize), and rice are the principal products. Industries in the city include sawmilling and dairying. Acarigua is accessible by air and by highway

Duroc

2005-03-02T05:07:00.000-08:00

Breed of pig developed between 1822 and 1877 from the Old Duroc pig of New York and the Red Jersey pig of New Jersey; it was formerly called the Duroc-Jersey. The Duroc proved particularly suitable for feeding in the United States Corn Belt; by the 1930s it was the predominant breed in the United States, a distinction it held intermittently throughout the century. Exportation has

Venous Sinus

2005-03-01T07:14:00.000-08:00

In human anatomy, any of the channels of a branching complex sinus network that lies between layers of the dura mater, the outermost covering of the brain, and functions to collect oxygen-depleted blood. Unlike veins, these sinuses possess no muscular coat. Their lining is endothelium, a layer of cells like that which forms the surface of the innermost coat of the veins.

Habbaniyah, Hawr Al-

2005-03-01T01:04:00.000-08:00

English Lake Habbaniyah lake in al-Anbar muhafazah (governorate), western Iraq. It is a shallow body of slightly saline water, 54 sq mi (140 sq km) in area, separated from the Euphrates River to the north by the Asibi and Zaban ridges. The lake has been used since antiquity for storing floodwater from the Euphrates; it now provides water for irrigation as well. A barrage at ar-Ramadi, at the lake's northwestern tip,

Hooghly River

2005-02-28T09:16:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Hugli, river in West Bengal state, northeastern India, an arm of the Ganges, providing access to Calcutta from the Bay of Bengal. It is formed by the junction of the Bhagirathi and Jalangi rivers at Nabadwip. From there the Hooghly flows generally south for about 160 miles (about 260 km) to the Bay of Bengal, through a heavily industrialized area with more than one-half of West Bengal's population.

Voyageurs National Park

2005-02-27T03:54:00.000-08:00

Region of lakes and wilderness in northern Minnesota, U.S. The park lies along the Canadian border, east of International Falls. Authorized in 1971 and established in 1975, it was named for the mostly French Canadian frontiersmen called voyageurs (French: “travelers”), who were involved in fur trading in the area in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The voyageurs used large birch

Aechmea

2005-02-26T15:15:00.000-08:00

Genus of epiphytes (plants that are supported by other plants and have aerial roots exposed to the humid atmosphere) of the pineapple family (Bromeliaceae), with more than 140 species distributed in South America. Spiny-edged leaves, usually about 30 to 60 cm (about 12 to 24 inches) long, grow in a rosette from the root. A spike of red and yellow flowers, often with blue

Macbeth

2005-02-25T09:38:00.000-08:00

Tragedy in five acts by William Shakespeare, performed at the Globe Theatre, London, in 1605–06 and published in the First Folio of 1623, from a promptbook of a version prepared for court performance. Some portions of the original text are corrupted or missing from the published edition. The play is the shortest of Shakespeare's tragedies, without diversions or subplots. It chronicles

Pribilof Canyon

2005-02-24T14:04:00.000-08:00

A long submarine canyon rising from the Bering Abyssal Plain on the floor of the Bering Sea southeast of the Pribilof Islands, Alaska. It runs across the edge of the continental slope and is 265 miles (426 km) long with walls 6,000 feet (1,800 m) high. The canyon is characterized by a V-shaped valley with steep and rocky walls, and its floor is covered by sands and gravels. It is believed to have

Wang Ching-wei

2005-02-24T03:03:00.000-08:00

As a student of Western thought in Japan, Wang joined the newly formed

Levine, James

2005-02-23T19:45:00.000-08:00

As a piano prodigy Levine made his debut in 1953 with the Cincinnati Orchestra. He studied piano with Rosina Lhévinne and conducting with Jean Morel at the Juilliard School in New York City. In 1965 George Szell invited him to become the assistant

Yam

2005-02-23T13:33:00.000-08:00

True yams are botanically distinct

Culver City

2005-02-21T03:04:00.000-08:00

City, Los Angeles county, California, U.S. Part of Rancho La Ballona, it was laid out in 1914 by Harry H. Culver and promoted as a site for motion-picture production, becoming the home of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Hal Roach studios. Television shows were produced at what were the Desilu and before that the RKO studios. Petroleum, aircraft, and electronic industries are the other

Arnold, Matthew

2005-02-20T11:11:00.000-08:00

It is said that when the poet in Arnold died, the critic was born; and it is true that from this time onward he turned almost entirely to prose. Some of the leading ideas and phrases were early put into currency in Essays in Criticism (First Series, 1865; Second Series, 1888) and Culture and Anarchy. The first essay in the 1865 volume, “The Function of Criticism at the Present Time,” is an overture

Ploceidae

2005-02-20T01:33:00.000-08:00

Songbird family, order Passeriformes, including the bishop, weaver, and whydah groups and Old World sparrows. The 135 to 155 species are native chiefly to Africa—but several have been introduced elsewhere. Ploceids are small, compact birds with short, stout bills. In many species the males are brightly coloured; some acquire, in nonbreeding season, dull plumage resembling

Las Cases, Emmanuel, Count (comte) De

2005-02-19T08:32:00.000-08:00

An officer of the royal navy, Las Cases in 1790 emigrated from France to England, where he wrote and published his Atlas Historique . . . (1802), a work that attracted Napoleon's

Ram, Jagjivan

2005-02-18T17:41:00.000-08:00

Ram was born into an untouchable family and was among the first of his caste to receive a higher education. He attended Benares Hindu University and Calcutta University (B.Sc., 1931), becoming a member of Mohandas K. Gandhi's Congress Party in 1931. He played

Cohoes

2005-02-18T15:27:00.000-08:00

City, Albany county, eastern New York, U.S. It lies at the Cohoes Falls (locally called the Great Falls; 70 feet [21 metres] high) of the Mohawk River, where it tumbles into the Hudson River. Settled in 1665 by the Dutch Van Schaick family on the colonial military road between Albany (10 miles [16 km] south) and Lake George, its name is of Algonquian origin and means “pine tree.” Growth was influenced

United Kingdom, The golden age of Bede

2005-02-17T06:38:00.000-08:00

Within a century of Augustine's landing, England was in the forefront of scholarship. This high standard arose from a combination of influences: that from Ireland, which had escaped the decay caused elsewhere by the barbarian invasions, and that from the Mediterranean, which reached England mainly through Archbishop Theodore and his companion, the abbot Adrian

Aragats, Mount

2005-02-16T17:02:00.000-08:00

Russian Gora Aragats, also spelled Gora Aragac, mountain in Armenia, northwest of Yerevan and north of the Ararat Plain. The highest point in both Armenia and the Lesser Caucasus range (13,418 feet [4,090 m]), Aragats is a circular, shieldlike mountain composed of both lavas and tufas. A volcanic cone of recent geologic age lies atop far older rocks. The crater of the volcano has become the steep-walled basin, or cirque, of a glacier,

Sotheby's

2005-02-16T15:19:00.000-08:00

The founder, Samuel Baker (died 1778), a London bookseller, held his first auction (under his own name) early in 1744, selling an estate library of 457 books. Establishing the firm in York Street and handling

Ligeti, György

2005-02-15T01:37:00.000-08:00

Ligeti, of Hungarian ancestry, studied and taught music in Hungary until 1956. Later he was associated with centres of new music in Cologne and Darmstadt, Ger., Stockholm, and Vienna, where he composed

Palladio, Andrea

2005-02-14T15:40:00.000-08:00

Palladio was born in the northern Italian region of the Veneto, where, as a youth, he was apprenticed to a sculptor in Padua until, at the age of 16, he moved to nearby Vicenza and enrolled in the guild of the bricklayers and stonemasons. He was employed as a mason in workshops specializing in monuments and decorative sculpture in the style of the Mannerist architect Michele

Morocco, The pre-World War II period

2005-02-14T08:59:00.000-08:00

Abd al-Hafid

Jewel Orchid

2005-02-13T13:44:00.000-08:00

Downy rattlesnake plantain (Goodyera pubescens), native to eastern North America, has dark green leaves with silver and white veins. Its small white flowers are borne on a spike, as are those

Ijssel River

2005-02-13T13:07:00.000-08:00

River of The Netherlands, an important distributary of the Rhine River. It leaves the Lower Rhine (Neder Rijn) just southeast of Arnhem and flows northeastward for 70 miles (113 km) to enter the IJsselmeer (a lake formed from the old Zuiderzee) between the Northeast (Noordoost) and East Flevoland polders. The river is navigable and slow-moving and deposits much silt. Zutphen,

Coin Glass

2005-02-13T03:42:00.000-08:00

Glassware usually in the form of wineglasses, goblets, or tankards enclosing a coin either in the foot, or in the hollow knop of the stem, rarely in an interior bulb. A Venetian specimen of coin glass dated 1647 is known, but the principal occurrence is in English glass from about 1650 onward. It was a useful device for expressing Jacobite or anti-Jacobite sympathies with either

Floral Decoration, Other cultures

2005-02-11T15:49:00.000-08:00

Outside the West and the Far East, the arranging of plant materials was more a casual part of everyday life than a formally recognized medium of artistic expression. The elaborate stylistic traditions evolved and formulated in the West and Far East through centuries of sophisticated creative activity are rarely found, therefore, in other cultures. In the Islamic

Valdivia

2005-02-11T08:59:00.000-08:00

Capital of Valdivia provincia, Los Lagos región, southern Chile. It lies at the confluence of the Callecalle and Cruces rivers, which there form the Valdivia River, 11 miles (18 km) from the Pacific Ocean. Although it was founded in 1552 and was a strategically significant outpost during the colonial era, Valdivia did not flourish until after the mid-19th century, when a large influx

Dehiwalamount Lavinia

2005-02-10T18:34:00.000-08:00

Urban area on the southwestern coast of Sri Lanka (Ceylon). The area lies south of Colombo, of which it is a residential suburb. It comprises Dehiwala, Galkissa, Mount Lavinia, and other communities, all governed by a single urban council. Mount Lavinia is a seaside resort known for its beaches, and Dehiwala is noted for its zoological garden. The area grew rapidly in the

Christian Reformed Church In North America

2005-02-09T02:13:00.000-08:00

Protestant denomination that developed in the United States from a group that separated in 1857 from the Reformed Protestant Dutch Church (now the Reformed Church in America) and called itself the True Holland Reformed Church. It was strengthened in 1882 when joined by other dissenters from the Reformed Church in America who believed that the parent church should reject

Ukraine, Flag Of

2005-02-08T14:41:00.000-08:00

More than a thousand years ago a powerful state, Kievan Rus, was founded in an area that is now part of Ukraine. National flags did not exist at that time, but Kievan Rus used as its symbol a trident head, which was resurrected when Ukraine became independent in 1918 and in 1991. The first national flag for Ukraine was adopted in 1848 by revolutionaries who wanted its western parts to

Asbury Park

2005-02-08T01:51:00.000-08:00

City, Monmouth county, eastern New Jersey, U.S. The city lies along the Atlantic Ocean coast in the midst of a string of seaside communities. It was founded in 1871 by James A. Bradley, a New York manufacturer, who named it for the Reverend Francis Asbury, founder of Methodism in the United States. A spectacular ship disaster (September 1934) killed 122 persons when the Morro Castle caught

Buysse, Cyriel

2005-02-07T21:48:00.000-08:00

Although Buysse, like the sons of most wealthy Flemings, received a French education, he early devoted himself to writing primarily in Flemish. In 1893 he cofounded and coedited Van nu en straks (1893–1901; “Of Now and Later”), an innovative and influential

Alexander I

2005-02-06T14:17:00.000-08:00

Russian in full Aleksandr Pavlovich emperor of Russia (1801–25), who alternately fought and befriended Napoleon I during the Napoleonic Wars but who ultimately (1813–15) helped form the coalition that defeated the emperor of the French. He took part in the Congress of Vienna (1814–15), drove for the establishment of the Holy Alliance (1815), and took part in the conferences that

Spotted Tail

2005-02-06T11:08:00.000-08:00

Spotted Tail was not a member of a ruling family, but he won the chieftainship over the hereditary claimant on the basis of his prowess as a warrior. In 1855 he, along with two other warriors,

Oaks

2005-02-06T11:00:00.000-08:00

One of the English Classic horse races (along with the Derby, Saint Leger, Two Thousand Guineas, and One Thousand Guineas), an event for three-year-old fillies, established in 1779, and run over a 1.5-mile (about 2,400-metre) course at Epsom Downs, Surrey, also the site of the Derby. The Oaks was named for the nearby residence of the 12th Earl of Derby, whose horse Bridget won the first running.

Interior Design, Construction

2005-02-05T11:47:00.000-08:00

The actual building of the interior, be it a renovation or a new construction, needs considerable supervision by the designer, although constant on-site supervision is not always required. For an office or residence, a few visits may be sufficient. The thoroughness of working drawings and details influences the degree of supervision that is needed: the more complete

Ear Disease, Absence of the outer ear

2005-02-05T07:12:00.000-08:00

Congenital deformity or absence of the outer ear, usually on one side, sometimes on both, is often accompanied by absence of the outer-ear canal. This failure of the primitive gill structures to become properly transformed into the normal outer and middle ear is, in rare instances, hereditary. More often it occurs for no known reason. In some cases it can be traced to the

Hendricks, Thomas A(ndrews)

2005-02-04T15:52:00.000-08:00

From 1863 until his death Hendricks was prominent in national Democratic politics. He was the vice-presidential running mate of Samuel J. Tilden in the disputed election of 1876, losing by the decision of a special Electoral Commission. In 1880 he expressed interest in becoming a presidential nominee but was unsuccessful. Nominated as vice president again in 1884, he was finally elected with Cleveland but died less than nine months after his inauguration.

Oaks

2005-02-04T11:16:00.000-08:00

Private, coeducational institution of higher education in Los Angeles, Calif., U.S. It comprises the College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, the Graduate School, and 18 professional schools. The university offers undergraduate degrees in about 80 fields and graduate and professional degrees in about 125 disciplines. It is especially well known for its degree programs in film,

Jacotot, Jean-joseph

2005-02-03T19:52:00.000-08:00

Jacotot began his career as a teacher and mathematician and was appointed subdirector of the Polytechnic School in Dijon (1795), where he became, in succession, professor of the method of sciences, of Latin and Greek literature, and of Roman law. During the Napoleonic Wars he

Benda, Wladyslaw Theodor

2005-02-02T21:41:00.000-08:00

Benda studied art in Kraków, Pol., and in Vienna before coming to the United States in 1899. He settled in New York City, becoming a U.S. citizen in 1911. Benda's illustrations were published in books and in a number of magazines. He is best remembered for his masks, which were used in theatre and dance performances

Pontevedra

2005-02-02T07:18:00.000-08:00

Provincia, northwestern Spain, smallest of the four provinces of the comunidad autónoma (“autonomous community”) of Galicia. It is mountainous, with an Atlantic coastline deeply indented by the picturesque rías bajas (inlets) of Arosa, Pontevedra, and Vigo. Numerous traditional fiestas held throughout the province contribute, with the scenic beauty and fine beaches,

Allobroges

2005-02-02T06:32:00.000-08:00

Ancient Celtic tribe living in the northeast of Gallia Narbonensis (i.e., Narbonne Gaul, in the part of southeastern France bounded by the Rhône and Isère rivers) and in the area around Geneva. The Allobroges were first mentioned in history when Hannibal passed through their territory in 218 BC. Later, they were attacked by the Romans and finally conquered (121 BC) at the junction

Arakan Mountain Range

2005-01-31T22:41:00.000-08:00

Burmese Arakan Yoma mountain arc in western Myanmar (Burma), between the Arakan coast and the Irrawaddy River valley. The arc extends northward for about 600 miles (950 km) from Cape Negrais (Myanmar) to Manipur (India) and includes the Naga, Chin, Lushai, and Patkai hills. The mountain range itself is about 250 miles (400 km) long. Its highest point is Mount Victoria (10,150 feet [3,094 m]). Dividing the Arakan coast from the rest

Jackson, John Hughlings

2005-01-31T22:24:00.000-08:00

Jackson was physician to the National Hospital for the Paralyzed and Epileptic, London

Baptist General Conference

2005-01-31T15:30:00.000-08:00

Conservative Baptist denomination that was organized in 1879 as the Swedish Baptist General Conference of America; the present name was adopted in 1945. It developed from the work of Gustaf Palmquist, a Swedish immigrant schoolteacher and lay preacher who became a Baptist in 1852. He established the first Swedish Baptist Church in Rock Island, Ill., that same year. Palmquist and

Acatalasia

2005-01-29T20:30:00.000-08:00

Rare hereditary metabolic disorder caused by lack of the organic catalyst or enzyme called catalase. Although a deficiency of catalase activity is noted in many tissues of the body, including the red blood cells, bone marrow, liver, and skin, only about half of the affected persons have symptoms, which consist of recurrent infections of the gums and associated oral

Discus Fish

2005-01-29T14:04:00.000-08:00

Two species of the genus Symphysodon of fishes in the family Cichlidae (order Perciformes), characterized by a compressed, disk-shaped body. The two species (S. discus and S. aequifasciata) occur naturally in tributaries of the Amazon River in South America. Discus fish have an unusual form of parental care: the adults secrete a mucuslike substance onto their skin that

Army

2005-01-29T09:13:00.000-08:00

Throughout history, the character and organization of armies have changed. Social and political aspects of nations at different

Tachos

2005-01-28T22:32:00.000-08:00

Also called Takhor, Teos , or Zedhor second king (reigned 365–360 BC) of the 30th dynasty of Egypt; he led an unsuccessful attack on the Persians in Phoenicia. Tachos was aided in the undertaking by the aged Spartan king Agesilaus II, who led a body of Greek mercenaries, and by the Athenian fleet commander Chabrias. Tachos, however, insisted on leading the Egyptian army himself, and Agesilaus, after quarreling with his

Tiger

2005-01-28T16:36:00.000-08:00

The tiger is thought to have originated in northern Eurasia and to have moved southward; its present range extends from the

Fayette

2005-01-27T17:31:00.000-08:00

County, southwestern Pennsylvania, U.S., bounded to the north by Jacobs Creek; to the east by Laurel Hill, the Youghiogheny River, and Youghiogheny River Lake; to the south by Maryland and West Virginia; and to the west by the Monongahela River. It consists of a hilly region on the Allegheny Plateau that rises to the Allegheny Mountains in the east (including Chestnut Ridge).

Proteales

2005-01-26T21:21:00.000-08:00

The members of the family Proteales are woody trees

Arts, East Asian, Textiles

2005-01-25T22:06:00.000-08:00

Silk weaving became a major industry and one of China's chief exports in the Han dynasty. The caravan route across Central Asia, known as the Silk Road, took Chinese silk to Syria and on to Rome. In the 4th century BC, the Greek philosopher Aristotle mentions sericulture on the island of Cos (Kos), but the art was evidently lost and reintroduced into Byzantium from China in the

Saint Clair River

2005-01-25T06:36:00.000-08:00

Outlet for Lake Huron, forming part of the boundary between Michigan, U.S. (west), and Ontario, Can. (east). Flowing southward into Lake Saint Clair, with a fall of 5.7 feet (1.7 m) in 39 miles (63 km), the river discharges through a seven-mouth delta, with the South Channel (27-foot [8-metre] minimum depth) used for deep-drafted vessels. The islands in the delta form popular summer resorts, the largest being

Cytochrome

2005-01-25T02:09:00.000-08:00

Any of a group of hemoprotein cell components that, by readily undergoing reduction and oxidation (gain and loss of electrons) with the aid of enzymes, serve a vital function in the transfer of energy within cells. Hemoproteins are proteins linked to a nonprotein, iron-bearing component. It is the iron (heme) group attached to the protein that can undergo reversible

Bradford, William

2005-01-24T22:42:00.000-08:00

Bradford learned the printer's trade in London and then immigrated to Pennsylvania in 1682. Settling in Philadelphia, he opened

MaterialSchool

Ahmose Ii

Mindaugas

Dessalines, Jean-jacques

Patristic Literature, The schools of Edessa and Nisibis

Mindanao River

Conakry

Caucasian Languages, The Avar-Andi-Dido languages

Kuang-hsü

Margam

Yung-ho

Mola

Argostólion

Szeryng, Henryk

Bonaparte, Jérôme

Sudan, History Of The, Medieval Christian kingdoms

Military Affairs

Karakoram Range

Jicarilla Apache

Anticyclone

Fort Stanwix, Treaties Of

Ahram, Al-

Brune, Guillaume(-marie-anne)

China, Buddhism

China, The Plateau of Tibet

China, A race for territory

Triassic Period

Haemophilus

Inner Ear

Wilde, Oscar (fingal O'flahertie Wills)

Allen, Walter Ernest

Beijing, Museums and libraries

Sinkiang, Uygur Autonomous Region Of, Education

Indian Territory

Venezuela, Flag Of

Tientsin

Bahrain, Settlement patterns

Bruno Of Querfurt, Saint

Suleja

Grace

Dinawari, Ad-

Aepinus, Franz Maria Ulrich Theodor Hoch

Acarigua

Duroc

Venous Sinus

Habbaniyah, Hawr Al-

Hooghly River

Voyageurs National Park

Aechmea

Macbeth

Pribilof Canyon

Wang Ching-wei

Levine, James

Yam

Culver City

Arnold, Matthew

Ploceidae

Las Cases, Emmanuel, Count (comte) De

Ram, Jagjivan

Cohoes

United Kingdom, The golden age of Bede

Aragats, Mount

Sotheby's

Ligeti, György

Palladio, Andrea

Morocco, The pre-World War II period

Jewel Orchid

Ijssel River

Coin Glass

Floral Decoration, Other cultures

Valdivia

Dehiwalamount Lavinia

Christian Reformed Church In North America

Ukraine, Flag Of

Asbury Park

Buysse, Cyriel

Alexander I

Spotted Tail

Oaks

Interior Design, Construction

Dehiwalamount Lavinia